Reliability Of Pain Threshold Measurement In Young Adults
S Cathcart, D Pritchard
Keywords
algometery, pain, pressure, reliability, thermal, threshold
Citation
S Cathcart, D Pritchard. Reliability Of Pain Threshold Measurement In Young Adults. The Internet Journal of Pain, Symptom Control and Palliative Care. 2004 Volume 4 Number 1.
Abstract
Objective: To examine for the first time reliability of pressure and thermal pain threshold assessment in persons less than 25 years of age.
Design: We measured thresholds to pain from mechanical and cold stimulation of the hand and head in 10 healthy volunteers aged 18-25. Intra-rater reliability was examined with Intra Class Correlation (ICC). Coefficients of repeatability (CR) and variability (CV) were estimated.
Results: Reliability of repeat assessments was high as assessed by intra-class correlation, although coefficients of repeatability and variation indicated considerable inter-individual variation in repeat measurements.
Conclusions: Pressure algometery and strategically placed ice appear reliable techniques for assessing pain processing in young adults. Future reliability studies employing ICC may benefit from complementary estimation of CR and CV.
Abbreviations
Intra-class correlation (ICC)
Coefficient of repeatability (CR)
Coefficient of variation (CV)
Pressure pain threshold (PPT)
Introduction
Previous reports demonstrate high intra and inter rater reliability for assessment of pressure pain thresholds using mechanical algometers in clinical (1) and healthy subjects (2). However, many of the reliability analyses have used the Pearson r correlation coefficient (e.g. 2). Pearson r is a measure of association, but is not appropriate for assessing agreement between raters (3,4). The intra-class correlation (ICC) and coefficient of repeatability (CR) are more appropriate techniques only recently used to confirm high reliability of pressure algometery in healthy (5) and myofascial pain patients (e.g. 1). The ICC can provide a measure of absolute agreement between raters or ratings, which answers the question of whether raters (or ratings) are interchangeable. The CR, specified as 2 standard deviations of the mean test-retest differences (6), provides an estimate of retest ranges expressed in the measurement units. Hence, 95% of repeat measurements for the sample will be in the range Mean difference ±CR. The Coefficient of Variation (CV) is specified as half of the CR expressed as a percentage of the mean (1,5). Intra-class correlation, CR and CV therefore provide complementary information on reliability.
Assessment of thermal pain thresholds has been used in conjunction with mechanical thresholds to examine the relative importance of peripheral and central pain mechanisms in myofascial pain conditions such as tension-type headache (7,8). The use of ice placed at the temple and wrist may be a simple and reliable way to measure cephalic and extra-cephalic sensitivity to non-mechanical stimulation in healthy and clinical subjects. Only one report has examined reliability of thresholds to pain induced by ice cubes (9). That report found pain detection and tolerance thresholds were reliable at the temple over assessments separated by five days in healthy subjects. However, Pearsons r correlation was used. The within session repeatability has not been examined to our knowledge, nor has reliability of extra-cephalic measurements.
Pain thresholds in the general population vary by age (10). The reliability of pain threshold measurement in subjects less than 25 years of age has not been reported to our knowledge. In the present study, we used ICC, CR and CV to estimate the retest reliability and estimates of repeatability for within-session pressure pain detection threshold (PPT) assessment. We also calculated ICC, CR and CV for discomfort and pain detection thresholds to ice cubes placed at the wrist and temple. The CR in this case is, therefore, within session (CRw). The aim was to confirm reliability in subjects less than 25 years of age.
Methods
Subjects
Jensen et al (1986) demonstrate intra-individual variation of pressure pain threshold can be estimated in groups of 10 healthy subjects with 80% power at the .05% significance level. In the larger project currently underway all subjects will be assessed only by the present investigator. We therefore recruited 10 healthy volunteers aged 18-25 from advertisements at this institution for headache study participants. Mean age of participants was 21 years (SD=2.6 years). Forty-percent were male.
Procedures
Potential subjects were explained the procedures when they contacted the researchers and were invited to the electrophysiology laboratory at the University of Adelaide psychology department. Written consent was obtained. The study was approved by the University's Human Ethics Research Committee. Thresholds were measured while subjects were seated, with both hands rested on a table in front of them at approximately elbow height. Thresholds were assessed twice by one rater (SC), each assessment conducted 10 minutes apart in the order below. The first assessment was taken after a 5-minute baseline during which subjects sat quietly. Subjects browsed through the local newspaper between assessments.
Pressure pain measurements
An analogue pressure algometer constructed in-house was used to measure pressure pain detection thresholds. Briefly, current from a multi-meter is attenuated by a linear resistor attached to a spring-loaded plunger. The plunger tip is circular, 0.39cm 2 , with a hard rubber tip. The output is in kilo-ohms on the multi-meter. Data can be converted to Kg/cm 2 according to previous calibration analyses which demonstrated a linear relationship of the form
Ice pain measurements
Ice cubes in sealed plastic satchels were held against the wrist then temple on left then right sides. The ice cubes had a 3.5 X 2.5cm flat surface area. A small square of wax paper was placed between the ice and the subject to avoid startle effects from the initial ice application. Marlowe (9) demonstrated that the pressure of ice application (‘gentle' and ‘firm', subjectively defined) does not affect ice pain thresholds at the temple. We attempted to maintain a constant gentle pressure. Subjects were asked to say ‘discomfort' and ‘pain' at the respective points after ice application. A stop-watch with lap function was used to record time until the 2 thresholds were reached after ice was first applied. The ice was removed after 3 minutes if pain was not reported.
Analysis & Results
Analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v8.0 (11). Table 1 presents the means and standard deviations for the threshold measurements. Matched samples t-tests indicated no difference at the .05 significance level between time 1 and time 2 assessments for any measures. Table 1 also presents ICC results and CRw estimates. Intra-class coefficients of .75 or above are generally considered as excellent (12). The ICC coefficients for all measures were .75 or above, except PPT measurements at temporal locations bilaterally (r=.69, .72) and at the left-side finger (r=.73). The CRw estimates for PPT ranged from 1.22 k-ohms for the right parietal region to 2.92 k-ohms for the left finger. The CV's for PPT ranged from 20.1% for the right parietal to 47.8% for the right temporal thresholds. The CR's for ice discomfort threshold measurements ranged from 14 sec at the right wrist, to 16.4 sec at the left temple. The CV's for ice discomfort ranged from 32.3% at the right wrist to 38.3% at the right temple. Ice pain detection CR's ranged from 10.6 sec at the right wrist to 19.2 sec at the left wrist. Ice pain CV's ranged from 12.6% at the right wrist to 22.3% at the right temple.
Figure 1
Left and right side differences in thresholds were examined with matched samples t-tests (table 2). Results indicated significant differences for the temple discomfort thresholds, with the right side being lower at both time 1 (p<.05) and time 2 (p<.05). No other laterality differences were significant. Left and right side measurements at each location were significantly correlated as assessed by Pearsons r coefficient (table 2). Pearsons r is preferable to ICC for such analysis as left and right side measurements represent different variables, hence, the appropriate question is one of association rather than ‘agreement'.
Figure 2
Conclusions
The results indicate acceptable reliability of the present measures for within-session repeat assessments. The ICC results for PPT are of similar magnitude to previous findings (1,5) and indicate excellent intra-rater reliability for all measures except temporal location and left finger, for which reliability as assessed by ICC was moderate to high. Reliability of thresholds to strategically placed ice has been indicated previously using Pearson's r correlation. The present ICC results indicate excellent reliability for ice threshold measures. Although differences in pressure and cold thresholds between time 1 and time 2 were not significant as assessed by t-test, the CRw's indicate considerable inter-individual variation in T1-T2 changes for the temporal PPT's and for the temple ice discomfort thresholds. Thus, while the mean difference in temporal PPT between time 1 and time 2 was .22 k-ohms, 95% of repeat observations will, in fact, be within ± 2.16k-ohms. Such variability may have inflated the ICC results, which depend on the CR and the population standard deviation (1). Similarly, the PPT CV's are relatively large for all measures when compared to other CV findings (e.g. 18% after 15 minutes, 14% after 45 minutes and 29% after 5 weeks (5,13)). The CV's indicate generally larger percent variation in repeat assessment for ice discomfort thresholds than for PPT, while ice pain thresholds had less percent variation on repeat assessment. The results are consistent with the ICC's in indicating ice pain detection as the most reliable of the measurements on repeat assessment. The greater variation in ice discomfort compared to pain thresholds was expected, thus, while threshold to pain is assumed to represent activation of nociceptors, we are not aware of a postulated discrete physiology for threshold to discomfort.
Consistent with previous findings, the present results indicate little laterality in pain detection thresholds to pressure or ice in healthy subjects. The finding that the left side temple discomfort threshold was consistently lower than that on the right side is a marked exception. That the pain detection threshold was not lower suggests the difference is not due to nociceptive sensitivity exclusively. Pain detection thresholds to ice at the temple were lower on left compared to right sides in Marlowes (9) data (20.0 versus 22.2 sec), although the statistical significance of the difference was not reported. Our cold pain threshold findings were considerably higher than those found by Marlowe (9), which were similar to our discomfort thresholds. We intentionally modified Marlowes method in order to provide greater sensitivity of the measure through increasing its scale, thus, whereas Marlowe used frozen satchels of water, we used ice placed in room temperature satchels which were further separated from the skin by wax paper.
When converted to kilograms per cm 2 the present mean k-ohms results are in the range of 2.04kg at the right temporal location to 3.62kg at the right finger. The ranges are similar to those in some previous studies (13,14) but lower than others (1,5,15). The differences may be due to the size of the algometer applicator tip, which is .39cm 2 in our study compared to the more commonly used .50-1cm2 tip in previous studies. Intra-individual comparisons indicate that smaller algometer tips produce lower PPT's (13). Application rate, which positively affects PPT (13) was similar in our study to that commonly used (e.g. 1kg/sec). The possibility of a systematic over-estimation by the investigator of the actual application rate applied during testing cannot be ruled out at this stage. The present results indicate that pressure algometery and strategically placed ice cubes are reliable measures for assessing pain sensitivity in young adults. Studies examining reliability and temporal characteristics of pain thresholds may benefit from estimating CR and CV, particularly if ICC is used.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Mr. Bob Wilson and Prof. Chris Cooper for formative assistance and to Mr. Steve Tupper and Mr.Geoff Mathews for technical assistance. This research was funded by commonwealth government doctoral scholarship to the senior author.
Correspondence to
Stuart Cathcart. Paraworklinks Inc. Suites 6&10 Sidney Chambers, Elizabeth City Centre, South Australia 5112. TEL: 61 8 8287 0578 FAX: 61 8 8287 0080 Email: scathcart@paraworklinks.com.au