Pneumonia in Pregnancy: Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia
S Aleyas, B Vahid
Citation
S Aleyas, B Vahid. Pneumonia in Pregnancy: Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia. The Internet Journal of Pulmonary Medicine. 2006 Volume 7 Number 1.
Abstract
The incidence of pneumonia in pregnancy is not different from that in non-pregnant adults 20 to 40 year-old and has been reported in 1.1 to 2.7 per 1,000 deliveries. We report about a 36 year old African American woman presented to the emergency department with 2 week history of dry cough and increasing dyspnea on exertion. The differential diagnoses of severe CAP in this setting encompass both infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Considerations are atypical bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia, Pneumocystis jiroveci (Pneumocystic carinii) pneumonia, aspiration pneumonitis, sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and acute eosinophilic pneumonia.
Case Report
A 36 year old African American woman presented to the emergency department with 2 week history of dry cough and increasing dyspnea on exertion. The patient denied fever, chills, or night sweats. The patient was 17 week pregnant. She had an atrial septal defect (ASD) repair one year before presentation. She was life-long non-smoker and did not use intravenous illicit drugs. Physical examination showed temperature of 99.8 °F, heart rate of 107 beats/min, respiratory rate of 37 breaths/min, blood pressure of 124/85 mmHg, and oxygen saturation of 100% on 2 liters of supplemental oxygen. Enlarged lymph nodes were appreciated in cervical, supraclavicular, axillary, and inguinal areas. Chest auscultation revealed decreased breath sounds at bases with scattered rhonchi. Cardiac, abdominal, skin, and neurological exam were unremarkable.
Laboratory data included white blood cell count of 6.3 x 103/mL, pH of 7.41, pO2 of 230 mmHg, PCo2 of 29 mmHg, B- natriuretic peptide of 29 pg/dL, and normal serum chemistry. A nasal swab for influenza virus (A and B) was negative. A chest radiograph showed multifocal consolidation with possible underlying background of pulmonary edema (Figure1A). A computed tomography (CT) scan of chest showed severe bilateral interstitial lung disease with superimposed pulmonary edema (Figure1B).
Figure 1
An echocardiogram showed a normal left ventricular ejection fraction of 65% and well deployed closure of ASD.
The differential diagnoses of severe CAP in this setting encompass both infectious and noninfectious etiologies. Considerations are atypical bacterial pneumonia, viral pneumonia,
Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed to exclude infectious etiologies. Bronchoalveolar lavage diff-quick stain and silver stain was positive for
Figure 2
Discussion
The incidence of pneumonia in pregnancy is not different from that in non-pregnant adults 20 to 40 year-old and has been reported in 1.1 to 2.7 per 1,000 deliveries. The clinical manifestations of pneumonia are similar to non-pregnant women and include cough (78%), fever (60%), dyspnea (60%), and sputum production (50%). Although mortality from pneumonia in pregnancy is similar to rates in non-pregnant adults, pneumonia increases the risk of maternal complications. Increased risk of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation has been reported in pregnancy. Mothers with pneumonia are more likely to deliver early and have infants of lower birth weight. Although neonatal mortality rate due to ranges from 1.9% to 12% in different series, anomaly in newborns have not been associated with antepartum maternal pneumonia.1,2,3,4
The enlarging uterus causes anatomical changes (elevation of the diaphragm, increase in the transverse diameter of the chest) that decrease the mother's ability to clear respiratory secretions. Relaxation of the gastro-esophageal sphincter, delayed gastric emptying, and raised intragastric pressure due to abdominal compression by the uterus increase mother's risk of aspiration.1,2,3,4 Risk factors for maternal pneumonia are human immunodeficiency virus infection, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis, antepartum systemic corticosteroid therapy, asthma, and anemia.5 Mother's age or parity has not been associated with an increased rate of pneumonia during pregnancy, but the incidence of pneumonia increases with gestational age. Fifty percent to 80% of pneumonias are reported in third trimester in different series.1,2,3,4
The most common pathogens in pregnancy are
Macrolides and beta-lactam antibiotics have a favorable safety profile in pregnancy and provide adequate coverage for the most common organisms. Although some cases of hemorrhage have been reported during pregnancy, rifampicin has been used safely for treatment of severe
The mortality rate of