Mechanism of Cell Death After Extensive Liver Resection: Apoptosis or Necrosis?
Y Ekici, M Tez, C Sökmensüer, S Baskan
Citation
Y Ekici, M Tez, C Sökmensüer, S Baskan. Mechanism of Cell Death After Extensive Liver Resection: Apoptosis or Necrosis?. The Internet Journal of Pathology. 2004 Volume 3 Number 2.
Abstract
Introduction
Hepatic failure after liver resection in rats increases markedly beyond the classic 2 / 3 resection. Hepatic failure occurs as a result of the remnant liver dysfunction1,2.
Liver resection of more than 80% induce hepatic failure, but the mechanism of the remnant liver dysfunction after extensive hepatectomy has not been clarified in detail3.
Apoptosis and necrosis are two different cell death mechanisms. Apoptosis, often synonymously used with the term “programmed cell death”, is an active, genetically controlled process that removes unwanted or damaged cells.
Apoptosis is a fundamental biologic process that is important in many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in the liver4,5.
For a long time necrosis was considered to be an alternative mechanism to apoptosis. However, recent data indicate that, in contrast to necrosis caused by very extreme conditions. There are many examples when this form of cell death may be a normal physiological and regulated event. Furthermore, signaling pathways, kinase cascades, and mitochondria, participate in both processes and it is possible of these processes to switch to an other6.
The aim of this study was to assess mechanism of the liver injury after lethal and nonlethal hepatectomy in rats.
Material and Method
Animals
Fourty Wistar male rats weighing 200 to 250 gm at the beginning of the experiments were used. This experiment was reviewed by the Committee on Ethics in Animal Experiments of the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine. Before each operation, animals were fasted overnight with free access to water.
Experimental Study
The rats were divided into three groups:control group (sham laparatomy, n=10), 70% hepatectomy group (n=15), and 85% hepatectomy group (n=15). Anesthesia was induced by subcutaneous injection of a mixture of ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/kg and xylazine 25 mg/kg. The abdomen was opened, the liver was mobilized and gently manipulated, and abdomen was closed in control group. Seventy percent hepatectomy included removal of left lateral and median lobes. Eighty-five percent hepatectomy included removal of left lateral,median,caudate anterior,and part of right superior lobes (according to Anderson and Higgins).
All rats underwent relaparotomy 24h later. After fixation in formalin buffered solution, remnant liver tissues harvested for histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination. All the blood samples for biochemical analyses were drawn with cardiac puncture.
All rats underwent relaparotomy 24h later. Remnant liver tissues were harvested for histopathologic analyse and TUNEL assay.
Histopathology
After washing out the blood from the right lobe of the liver by infusion of normal saline via portal vein cannula, 0.2 mM trypan blue (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) was infused for 10 minutes through the same cannula. Excess dye was removed by perfusion of normal saline for an additional 5 min. Then livers were perfused with 1% paraformaldehyde for 6 min., and fixed tissue was embedded in paraffin and processed for light microscopy. Six µm sections were deparaffinized and counterstained with eosin to identify dead cells marked with trypan blue.
TUNEL Assay
For this assay, the manufacturer's instructions (ApopTag Peroxidase In situ Apoptosis Detection kit, Intergen Co., NY) were followed. Briefly, tissue sections deparaffinazation the tissue sections in six micron thickness in a coplin jar by 3 changes of xylene and 2 changes of absolute ethanol for 5 minutes of each change, the slides were washed once in 95 % ethanol and once in 70% ethanol for 3 minutes of each wash. After this, all slides were washed in PBS for 5 minutes.
The pretreatment of the slides was made by protein digesting enzyme for 15 minutes at room tempereture. After pretreatment, the slides were washed in 2 changes with the distillated water for 2 minutes, each wash.
Endogenous blockage was made by 3% hydrogen peroxide in PBS for 5 minutes at room temperature. After, the slides were washed twice with PBS for 5 minutes of each time.
Equilibration buffer were applied on each slide for 20 seconds. After the taping off excess liquid, All slides were incubated at 37°C with TdT enzyme for 1 hour. The reaction was stopped by stop/wash buffer and the slides were washed in 3 changes of PBS for 1 minute in each wash. After the taping off excess liquid, the slides were incubated with anti-digoxigene peroxidase conjugate at room temperature for 30 minutes. Then the slides were washed with 4 changes of PBS for 2 minutes in each wash at room temperature. The staining was made by DAB for 5 minutes. After the staining and washing the slides, The counterstaining was made by methyl green for 10 minutes. Then, the slides were washed in 3 changes of distillated water in each wash. Finally, All slides were washed with 100% N-butanol in coplin jar.
Evaluation of Cell Necrosis
The number of necrotic hepatocytes were counted in 20 high power (x400) fields using videomicroscope. 1000 hepatocytes were counted in asinary zone I and determined the ratio of positive painted nucleus. All histological evaluations were done in a blinded fashion.
Evaluation of Apoptosis
The number of apoptotic hepatocytes were counted in 20 high power (x400) fields using videomicroscope. 1000 hepatocytes were counted determined the ratio of positive painted cells. All histological evaluations were done in a blinded fashion.
Serum levels of liver enzymes
All the blood samples for biochemical analyses were drawn with cardiac puncture.
The degree of hepatic injury was assesed by serum levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) , aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) , Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) total and direct bilirubin.
All the blood analyses were performed by Hitachi 747(Boehringer Mannheim)
Histological assessment of hepatocellular injury
The degree of hepatic injury was graded from 0 to 3 that described by Yamakawa et al.7
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Grade 0 : no morphologic evidence of injury.
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Grade 1 : scattered pericentral necrosis seen uniformly, but only within a five-hepatocyte circumference around the central vein.
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Grade 2 : pericentral necrosis seen uniformly, but only within a five-hepatocyte circumference around the central vein,with the other areas undamaged.
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Grade 3 : widespread hepatocellular necrosis, extending beyond a five hepatocyte circumference around the central vein, frequently reaching to the midzone.
Statistical Analysis
Data were expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise stated. All the statistical analyses were made using a commerical statistical software package (SPSS for Windows release 6.0. SPSS Inc. Chicago,Ill). Comprasion among multiple groups were performed with one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc tests. A probability value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Serum levels of liver enzymes
Chemistry profiles for ALT;AST;ALP and total/direct bilirubin are presented in Table 1. Serum levels of ALT;AST;ALP and total/direct bilirubin in the 85% hepatectomy group were higher than 70% and control groups (p<0.05).Serum total and direct bilirubin levels of the 70% hepatectomy group were higher than control group but difference was not significant. ALT,ASTand ALP levels in%70 hepatectomy group were higher than control group and difference was significant (p<0.05)
Figure 1
ALT:alanine aminotransferase;AST aspartate aminotransferase;ALP: Alkaline phosphatase
Apoptotic and necrotic cell count
Necrotic cell count in 70% and 85% hepatectomy groups was higher than control group(p<0.05) but difference between 70% and 85% groups was not significant(p>0.05). Apoptotic cell count in 70% and 85% hepatectomy groups was higher than control group (p<0.05) and apoptotic cell count in 85% hepatectomy was higher than 70% hepatectomy group and difference was significant (p<0.05).
Liver Injury Grade
Liver injury grade of groups presented in Table 2. Grade 2 injury most frequently seen in 70% hepatectomy group and grade 3 injury most frequently seen in 85% hepatectomy group.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Discussion
In this study, 85% hepatectomy model chosen because of a few rats to survive without metabolic support and 70% hepatectomy characterizes the normal physiologic response. Pannis et al. demonstrated that in rats the 85% hepatectomy model is a transition between a high rate of survival (more than 80%) and 0% survival because the remnant after 85% hepatectomy is one half of that after 70% hepatectomy1.
Apoptosis could be detected by some methods, such as TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferasemediated dUTP nickend labeling), ISEL (in situ nickend labeling) and flow cytometry8. In this study, we used the immunocytochemical method using ApopTag peroxidase kit, (Intergen company). This method detects apoptotic cells via DNA fragmantation and also allows the early detection of apoptosis before characteristic microscopic findings appear.
Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health. Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response. Viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders are often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection3,4,. On the other hand, Gujral et al. demonstrated that after various times of warm hepatic ischemia,cell injury during reperfusion occured through oncotic necrosis9 The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatment modalities4.
In the case of necrosis, cytosolic constituents that spill into extracellular space through damaged plasma membrane may provoke inflammatory response; during apoptosis these products are safely isolated by membranes and then are consumed by macrophages. Necrosis constitutes inflammatory response 4. Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response in contrast to necrosis4,5.
After extensive/lethal hepatectomy the remnant hepatocytes immediately produce acute phase proteins(C-reactive protein, α1-acid glycoprotein, fibrinogen and α2-macroglobulin) and kupffer cells are significantly activated. Kupffer cells activation and sinusoidal endothelial cell injury accompained by a significant increase in production of TNF-α, lead to extensive induction of apoptosis in hepatocyte but the mechanism is still unclear2,3. At the same time, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer and endothelial cell functions.
In Hasegawa's study, authors showed that, apoptosis is the major determinant of liver failure after lethal hepatectomy. Similarly, Nagano et al concluded that after extensive hepatectomy,apoptosis signal transduction appears to predominate over antiapoptosis signal transduction. In these studies apoptotic and necrotic cell numbers were not counted together2,3. In Morita's study, authors used cDNA microarray analysis to compare clearly differentiated rat partial hepatectomy models and they concluded that fatal hepatic failure after excessive hepatectomy was characterized by increased apoptosis and diminished liver regeneration10.
On the other hand , clinical significance of the apoptosis in remnant liver is still unclear. Does inhibition of apoptosis prevent liver failure after lethal/extensive hepatectomy? In our opinion, apoptosis constitute less inflammatory response than necrosis and inhibition of apoptosis may constitute much necrosis and much inflammation. This deserves to be an intersting research topic.
We concluded that lethal hepatic failure after excessive hepatectomy was characterized by increased apoptosis.
Correspondence to
Mesut Tez M.D 37.sokak 19/6 Bahcelievler 06500 ANKARA/TURKEY Phone:+90 312 215 38 34 Fax::+90 312 310 34 60 E-Mail:mtez@hacettepe.edu.tr
